Patterico's Pontifications

1/2/2011

Snowplow Slowdown Update (II): Drunken Sanitation Workers and Increased Sick Leave

Filed under: General — Aaron Worthing @ 3:56 pm



[Guest post by Aaron Worthing; if you have tips, please send them here.]

Two more stories from the New York Post (and if this pans out these reports collectively should be considered Pulitzer material).

First, we learn that absenteeism is unusually high among sanitation workers, right now:

Between 660 and 720 Sanitation workers called in sick for the cleanup of last week’s blizzard — more than double the usual rate, The Post has learned.

About 11 to 12 percent of the Sanitation Department’s 6,000-strong force didn’t show up for work on Monday or Tuesday, city officials confirmed, as 20 inches of snow brought the Apple to a near-standstill.

And meanwhile we get this report of sanitation workers getting drunk on the job:

A group of on-duty Sanitation supervisors is under investigation for allegedly buying booze and chilling in their cozy department car for hours Monday night after the blizzard stranded a bus and three snowplows blocks away.

The city Department of Investigation is probing the incident after witnesses said four snow blowers blew off their duties to get blitzed, buying two six-packs of beer from a Brooklyn bodega. The workers then walked five blocks to their car, which was in 20 inches of snow in the middle of 18th at McDonald avenues near the F train entrance, passing the stuck bus and idle plows on 18th Avenue between Third and Fourth streets.

The four remained in the idling sedan until morning — then told their bosses they could do nothing about the blizzard because they had run out of gas, one witness said.

“They just sat in their car all night with the heat running,” the witness said.

Read the whole thing.

[Posted and authored by Aaron Worthing.]

74 Responses to “Snowplow Slowdown Update (II): Drunken Sanitation Workers and Increased Sick Leave”

  1. Exceptionally high absenteeism….
    Isn’t that what we saw in NOLA from the Police Dept at the outset of Katrina?

    AD-RtR/OS! (a9d180)

  2. This is just some faux news rightwing hit job pushed by an anti-union teabagger. And it is hearsay.

    JD (07faa1)

  3. Racist hearsay.

    TimesDisliker (3db299)

  4. Racist, stupid hearsay that should not be repeated. If you get my drift and I think you do.

    Ag80 (e03e7a)

  5. As in NOLA, how many of these “absentees” are phantom-workers?

    AD-RtR/OS! (a9d180)

  6. At least the bike lanes were cleared.

    DRJ (d43dcd)

  7. Just out of curiousity, how is the Grey Lady covering this story? (Rhetorical question, I’m afraid)

    Steven Den Beste (99cfa1)

  8. I have no desire to defend anyone who failed to do their job. But again this is Bloomberg’s herculean attempt to defend and explain his own refusal to call a snow emergency on Sunday afternoon when his own Fire Commissioner asked for it.As I’ve said before, it’s good to own a media company.What ever you do, don’t look behind the curtain at the Great Bloomberg.And don’t speak ill of the GZ mosque nor Muslims not illegal immigrants. And don’t you dare smoke,nor use salt, nor cook with trans fats, nor think the Tea Party makes any sense.

    As to “unusual absenteeism”, it was the day after Christmas and a Sunday.DO they have any other similar circumstance like that to cpmare it to to say if it;s “unusual”. That’s pretty dubious. And what are they characterizing as absence-someone who called in sick to avoid working(legitimate or not), or someone who refused an overtime shift because of illness, which is their right. I wouldn’t trust anything Bloomberg has to say. Which is why last November I pulled the lever for a Democrat in the NYC mayoral race for the only time other than for Ed Koch.

    As to the drinking, good luck proving that, or that anyone was working while intoxicated.It is hearsay.We are to believe they stayed in a car all night. That the “witnesses”, themselves out in a blizzard for hours as per this story saw them come and go. And said witnesses know exactly if, where and when they purchased the beer and who consumed it. Even if true, plausible they took hours off from their shift as allowed before going back to work and slept in the car until
    starting their next shift, as they were working 14-horu shifts. If it’s 3 or 4 guys, a six pack is not going very far, and not likely anyone was intoxicated.

    In New York state, felonies require a grand jury indictment unless the defendant consents to an information. That typically and only happens usually if a defendant consents to a mere information to take a pleas of guilty.

    Bugg (4e0dda)

  9. I appreciate your POV on this, Bugg. Hard for me to accept the entire concept of these unions because they lead to these problems (and I think it’s predictable and every man has to own it). But it’s also in a context of this being how things have been done, and a pretty poor mayor to boot.

    Dustin (b54cdc)

  10. As a local from New Orleans….

    absenteeism was not rampant at Katrina. There were some who left but it is my understanding that it was a small number.

    Bigger problem seems to have been the simple failure to obey the law they were sworn to uphold. Fed DA Jim Letten seems to have a grip on that.

    reff (7206a4)

  11. Bugg

    its normaly for 10% of the entire workforce to be out, when they are desperately needed?

    > it’s good to own a media company

    bloomberg doesn’t own the post.

    i have not heard of a single story in all of this coming from his news service.

    > it was the day after Christmas and a Sunday.

    10% of my company didn’t call in sick that day.

    > As to the drinking, good luck proving that, or that anyone was working while intoxicated.It is hearsay.

    No, hearsay is when you repeat someone’s words. This is called an eyewitness account.

    > In New York state, felonies require a grand jury indictment

    You think new yorkers won’t care about a dead baby? I think so.

    Aaron Worthing (1a6294)

  12. It’s unfair to blame Bloomberg or the sanitation workers when the culprit obviously is global warming.

    /sarc

    Brother Bradley J. Fikes, C.O.R. (fb9e90)

  13. I do think Bloomberg could have handled this in a different way and deserves some blame, but Aaron’s points seem to be on the mark.

    There will be no problem proving these assholes were drinking. And yes, they are assholes and should be ashamed of their actions in this case for the rest of their lives. If they sneer that Bloomberg is a jerk, they are cowards. Men will take responsibility for abandoning important work. They are overpaid 99% of the year because of that 1% when we absolutely need them or our ambulances don’t arrive.

    Dustin (b54cdc)

  14. I blame Bush. And that witch O’Donnell. And Chris Christie.

    JD (07faa1)

  15. Did you see Dave Barry’s year-in-review? It’s hilarious, especially the O’Donnell stuff.

    DRJ (d43dcd)

  16. Aaron-

    What specifically are those Sanitation workers going to say under oath? And will they so testify, and how would that happen?Will Halloran testify?

    Halloran sensationally says they have privately told him something akin to willful misconduct or direction to be derelict in their duties by a union rep.But you are making a heck of a leap to assume a. Halloran will give them up or b. they will come forward on their own. Hauling every Sanitation man before a grand jury about every turnout in Queens, or details of every lockerroom conversation that evening is not likely to get you any closer. And assuming one of those unlikely events happens, would such testimony prove a conspiracy or criminality? I suspect that’s doubtful. More likely they will say something like being told by a union rep to follow the rulebook to the letter; something they may not have done during the last blizzard in February in the interests of getting the job done.

    Dead babies are very sad. But that by itself doesn’t equal causation.

    This is where bureaucracy for it’s own sake takes on a life of it’s own, which is a greater danger to public safety. And as to Bloomberg, has anyone asked why he didn’t replace retiring Sanitation workers? DSNY is at it’s lowest staffing levels since the 1970s fisncal crisis. And why did he refuse to grant the Fire Commsioner’s request for a snow emergency?

    As to hearsay-“Richardson on Evidence” sits on my desk at the office,as it does on the bench in every court in New York. The current editor, Professor Richard Farrell, was a a schoolmate of my late dad and my professor.I’m a tad out of trial practice, but the only exception might be admissions against penal interest. My contention and belief is that more likely the statements to by the union reps and to Halloran might not be as sensational as the media would like to think, nor anywhere close to criminality.

    And as to you belief that King Bloomberg is not directing this campaign, you have no idea.I can tell you from prior “legal” experiences that a mayor has a broad ability to influence the media. And the current office occupant, owner of a media company which hires and fires writers and reporters all the time, has more influence than anyone else in my liftime.

    Bugg (4e0dda)

  17. The Daily News does like Bloomberg, it’s aiming the fire at Goldsmith, the Post really despises him, specially Goodwin who used to be with the former.
    I imagine the unions, thought Bloomberg who has been preoccupied with flacking the GZ Mosque, getting salts and transfats out of diets, and going
    after gun sales, like a real version of L & O’s McCoy, could be rolled easilY. It’s still inexcusable

    narciso (6075d0)

  18. Aaron’s last link is to a NY Post article that says citizens saw sanitation workers buying beer and taking it to a city vehicle during the blizzard:

    A group of on-duty Sanitation supervisors is under investigation for allegedly buying booze and chilling in their cozy department car for hours Monday night after the blizzard stranded a bus and three snowplows blocks away.

    The city Department of Investigation is probing the incident after witnesses said four snow blowers blew off their duties to get blitzed, buying two six-packs of beer from a Brooklyn bodega. The workers then walked five blocks to their car, which was in 20 inches of snow in the middle of 18th at McDonald avenues near the F train entrance, passing the stuck bus and idle plows on 18th Avenue between Third and Fourth streets.

    If that’s true, won’t they be the witnesses — even if no union members come forward? There might also be tape at the bodega or convenience store of their purchases.

    DRJ (d43dcd)

  19. Aaron-

    A newspaper account is not the same as a legitimate eyewitness sworn testimony in court. Nobody takes an oath before talking to a reporter. There is no penalty for lying to a reporter, or telling him a false or misleading story. I know of quite a few police officers who have found their good work smeared by a reporter who gets such an “eyewitness” account which was later shown to demonstrably false.

    Bugg (4e0dda)

  20. I wonder if the witnesses who saw them buy beer noticed if they paid with credit cards or otherwise got a computerized receipt.

    Fact is, it’s going to be simple to show these bastards were obviously not doing their critical work, and it’s already proven (to me, not a court) that their critical work was needed to get rescue to people in need. I doubt I’m typical for a New York juror, but they get the government they deserve, and this kind of thing is exactly the way that will come about one way or the other.

    I think Bugg is right that many of these people will use strange excuses about rulebooks and procedures and even some version of the thin blue line to pretend they aren’t monsters who belong in cages. That’s probably for the best, in the long run.

    Dustin (b54cdc)

  21. Karl Rove is conducting this right wing anti-union smear campaign against the Sanitation workers union and Mayor Bloomberg. The Post and Faux News hatred of Bloomberg is also driving this mendacious smear campaign against the good working men and women of the City of New York.

    JD (07faa1)

  22. A newspaper account is not the same as a legitimate eyewitness sworn testimony in court.

    But it’s not hearsay.

    I don’t know what you mean by ‘legitimate’. It’s testimony. Give it all the credibility you want. It would be more credible if sworn under penalty of law, but I trust it more than the goons, and it’s not like we’ve even had a completed investigation yet. It wasn’t hearsay at all.

    Dustin (b54cdc)

  23. Hey, we should listen to bugg, he knows stuff.

    AD-RtR/OS! (a9d180)

  24. Bugg

    > Halloran sensationally says they have privately told him something akin to willful misconduct or direction to be derelict in their duties by a union rep. But you are making a heck of a leap to assume a. Halloran will give them up or b. they will come forward on their own.

    I think if they felt guilty enough to go to Halloran… and by the way, its not just Halloran saying this.

    Besides these laws are broad enough that they can go up the little guy and say, “we will charge you with criminally negligent homicide unless you tell me who ordered this.” That might loosen their tongues.

    > would such testimony prove a conspiracy or criminality?

    If it is an agreement, um… yes to conspiracy. If it is people just deciding not to do their job, yes, criminality.

    > More likely they will say something like being told by a union rep to follow the rulebook to the letter;

    The rulebook is not a defense when they don’t normally follow it.

    > But that by itself doesn’t equal causation.

    Nine hours’ delay does.

    > This is where bureaucracy for it’s own sake takes on a life of it’s own, which is a greater danger to public safety

    Holding these thugs accountable is bureaucracy? Wtf are you talking about?

    > King Bloomberg is not directing this campaign, you have no idea

    Then enlighten us. How does he make a completely independent news agency do this for him?

    > A newspaper account is not the same as a legitimate eyewitness sworn testimony in court.

    So basically you feel what? Unless the reporter is talking about first hand witnessing something you will completely dismiss it? I mean yes, if someone else witnessed this, you think.

    What you are saying is to dismiss pretty much 80% of what appears in a newspaper, pretending like none of it happened. Which might be justified if we were talking about the New York Times.

    Aaron Worthing (1a6294)

  25. Might I just add a little story. I had just bought my house and didn’t realize it was garbage day until I heard the garbage truck driving towards my home. The weather was pretty lousy that morning, but I ran outside with our garbage bags hoping to make it at the last second.

    I was there in time to see the truck driving away, 2-3 homes away. To my shock, the truck stopped, went into reverse, and got my bags.

    There’s a huge difference between people who understand and value their role in the community, and people who will screw the community if they think it will bleed out some money for them to stop. It isn’t like I live in utopia, or that I don’t deal with boneheads sometimes, but I barely recognized NYC as civilization the last time I was there.

    Dustin (b54cdc)

  26. No, I’m sure most sanitation workers are fine, there are some bad apples, this really comes to a matter of leadership at the union and the municipal level, that means Bloomberg and the passel of tweedledum city councilman

    narciso (6075d0)

  27. A whole lot of newspapers continue to lie about a man who did not do what everybody thinks he did.

    Exactly when are we supposed to believe and when not?

    The press has simply given up on its duty, so what do we do except trust our own lying eyes.

    Ag80 (e03e7a)

  28. I agree, narciso. But if it were possible to identify the people who planned this ‘we won’t do our jobs normally’ protest, I would want them to spend a little time behind bars. I realize how unrealistic that is, but I mean it.

    I wonder if leadership problems led to a general attitude of playing around instead of working, at which point I still think serious repercussions are seriously warranted.

    At a minimum, they should hire some of the 8% of New Yorkers who are looking for a job to replace anyone who wasn’t doing theirs. I’d outright terminate the department for this kind of massive failure, because it’s important for these organizations to understand that they succeed or fail together. An organization that is healthy has strong peer pressure on each worker to do a good job. This kind of thing can’t happen unless the entire creature is rotten.

    Bugg’s certainly right that it’s challenging to prove exactly who was making which call or not doing what they should have, and yet I’m satisfied that this department is very unhealthy. Since it’s a critical department, they should start a replacement and use it as an example to the teachers or cops or any other public sector union membership.

    Dustin (b54cdc)

  29. I’m justifiably doubtful of anonymous or poorly sourced accounts, but it seems well it’s Katrina
    level, in terms of type of behavior, if not necessarily scope,

    narciso (6075d0)

  30. Comment by Aaron Worthing — 1/2/2011 @ 7:06 pm

    I agree. Bugg clearly doesn’t know what hearsay is.

    BuckeyeSam (9d1bb3)

  31. And as to you belief that King Bloomberg is not directing this campaign, you have no idea.I can tell you from prior “legal” experiences that a mayor has a broad ability to influence the media. And the current office occupant, owner of a media company which hires and fires writers and reporters all the time, has more influence than anyone else in my liftime.

    So, your claim of prior legal experiences is fact or hearsay?Do you know of any reporters who were fired for not supporting the Bloomberg agenda?
    These don’t seem like facts, just your opinion.

    vote for pedro (e7577d)

  32. In the fury to declare the Sanitation workers evil, we are confusing 2 different if related incidents;
    1. Halloran’s hearsay about some Queens SanMen telling him what they were told by union reps. I’m skeptical, and we don’t know who the declarant is.And we don’t know specifically what was said from the rep to the workers.

    2. Brooklyn eyewitnesses who claim that saw various drunken misdeeds last Monday night over a period of hours. So far there are no receipts nor video. Should they appear, by all means, I’m open-minded that a few workers took stupid pills. Can tell you last Monday night was frigid and windy with drifts of snow everywhere.

    Take a moment and consider: the proof of a conspiracy in the former is so far wanting. Further the witnesses in the latter are claiming they observed these things in the worst conditions imaginable over several hours in the dead of night when it was more likely they sought shelter than stay outside.

    All I ask is you think before you start assuming these things can shown before a grand jury and then be proven beyond a reasonable doubt in front of a jury.

    Bugg (4e0dda)

  33. Congratulations on your strawman argument, Buggy. If you go under the View Menu, and do a search for “evil” in the “Find On This Page” function, you’re the only one that used the word “evil” with regard to sanitation workers.
    Take a moment to consider: The accusations by witnesses are leading to an investigation. The investigation would lead to a grand jury, right? You’re whole “let’s be reasonable” schtick is quite tiresome, as well as, irrelevant.

    vote for pedro (e7577d)

  34. Bugg

    > I’m skeptical, and we don’t know who the declarant is.And we don’t know specifically what was said from the rep to the workers.

    it wasn’t just halloran, which you would know if you only read my posts on this blog.

    also i think the exact words of the union bosses was “nice city you have there. it would be a shame if something happened to it.”

    > All I ask is you think before you start assuming these things can shown before a grand jury and then be proven beyond a reasonable doubt in front of a jury.

    Who exactly is ready to convict. We are talking a grand jury investigation.

    Aaron Worthing (e7d72e)

  35. Aaron, isn’t a grand jury convened after an investigation has been done, and the grand jury then decides if there’s enough evidence to prosecute?

    vote for pedro (e7577d)

  36. vote

    common question, but no, sometimes a grand jury is used to conduct the investigation.

    http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/whitecollarcrime_blog/2005/05/new_york_begins.html

    Aaron Worthing (e7d72e)

  37. In NY grand juries can be empaneled for long periods for long-term investigations. They don’t have to meet every day, in fact is such situations they may only meet a day or 2 a month over a long period. If an investigation is not concluded in the judicial term in which the grand jury was empaneled, the District Attorney can ask the grand jury to extend it’s term, and most grand juries comply with that request. And these extensions can happen mutiple times. Sometimes rather than handing down an indictment such a grand jury can agree to issue a report and make recommendations based on their findings.

    Bugg (4e0dda)

  38. I blame JD.

    BT (74cbec)

  39. Thank you, BT. I will commence denouncing and condemning myself.

    JD (6fed24)

  40. And calling yourself a racist.(: Very important.

    BT (74cbec)

  41. That is a given. A constant, like William the midget racist hilljack Yelverton being a douchenozzle.

    JD (6fed24)

  42. How many union ghost workers are on the NYC payroll ? Unions bosses collect pay from more than one city job at the same time. ( and pension checks as well )

    Jim (92dbc2)

  43. If you read further into the article, it says that about 12% (double the normal) called in sick. What this means is that on average, no snow fall, no bad weather, etc., that 5% of the workfore calls in sick. WTF?

    Let’s put it into perspective. If I had a company of 100 people and 5 people EVERY DAY called in sick, how would I manage my business? The real problem? Benefits.

    Using the above example, I have 100 employees with 5 days of sick leave each for a total of 500 days. Each employee has ~230 work days (250 minus 3 weeks vacation (15) minus 1 week sick (5) equals 230). now 230 X 100 equals 23,000 work days. 500 sick days divided by 23,000 work days equals 2%. And yet the AVERAGE is 6% for the sanitation dept? Something tells me the sanitation is over-staffed and over compensated.

    Steve in SoCal (ae0d9a)

  44. In NY grand juries can be empaneled for long periods for long-term investigations.

    Why do you insist on obfuscating the obvious point here? Your attempts to distract or deflect are beyond tiresome at this point. Please deal with the issue at hand, not some imaginary ones you’d prefer instead. BTW, using the hoary “I live there, so therefore I just know,” is more than a little childish.

    Dmac (498ece)

  45. Apparently it wasn’t the unions after all, but Bloombergs cutting of sanitation jobs, and his privatizing of snow removal. The private guys didn’t show up. Things are not always as they seem.
    link

    Chris Hooten (1ea37a)

  46. Crissyhooten hearts mendacity.

    JD (07faa1)

  47. crissyhooten just linked to an editor of a socialist magazine as proof of his assertion, and the head of the union ignoring their own actions.

    JD (07faa1)

  48. Hooten, did you once again link to something you had not bothered to read?

    SPQR (26be8b)

  49. Ha!

    Gotta blame ‘the private guys’. Unions are so pathetic sometimes. Socialists dissembling for this kind of crap are abominable.

    Dustin (b54cdc)

  50. Bulldust. The city had just as many vehicles this year as they did in last year’s blizzard, which was cleaned up within a day. And there were enough workers to man all of them.

    Milhouse (ea66e3)

  51. Mil house – crissyhooten does not even have a passing acquaintance with honesty.

    JD (07faa1)

  52. I’ve got to say, though, 12 beers between 4 people, especially garbologists, who tend not to be the small and dainty types, and over the course of a whole night, isn’t very much. Certainly not enough to get drunk on. The story says they were off duty; perhaps they’d already worked a full day. And it doesn’t appear that they had any way of getting home to sleep, so the best they could do was have a few beers to relax and then try to sleep as best they could in the car, and hope to be fit for work the next day.

    Though personally I’d have abandoned the car and gone upstairs into the subway station, where at least there’s plenty of room and heat, though only wooden benches to sit on. And there’s a staff restroom.

    Milhouse (ea66e3)

  53. And now there’s more. The Santiation Dept’s negligence is now damaging a cemetery. Last Wednesday night I walked up McDonald from Ave P to Ave I; at the time I noted a plow and police car doing not very much on the corner of Ave M. I didn’t notice anything in particular at Bay Pkwy; I suppose this snow-melting operation hadn’t started yet.

    Milhouse (ea66e3)

  54. Has anyone seen crissyhooten back here to acknowledge how wrong he was?

    JD (07faa1)

  55. Though it is good to know, but not the least bit surprising, that crissyhooten follows the writing of the self-professed socialists.

    JD (07faa1)

  56. PS: Here is a description of this snow-melting facility on Bay Pkwy and McDonald, and here is a photo of a crushed car, which may or may not have been damaged by Dept negligence.

    Milhouse (ea66e3)

  57. Thanks for the first hand accounts, Milhouse.

    Dustin (b54cdc)

  58. So where’s that proof of the huge, giant, non-existent union conspiracy that they pushed so hard on Fox News and other right wing outlets?

    Chris Hooten (2b9678)

  59. Go back to your socialist masters. Your willful blindness and apparent ignorance does not constitute good faithed discussion.

    JD (07faa1)

  60. Chris

    sorry, what is your point supposed to be?

    Btw, the feds are investigating too, now.

    Aaron Worthing (1a6294)

  61. They had way less workers than previous years.
    link

    Chris Hooten (2b9678)

  62. Fox and the right wing was just blowing hot air to remove all that snow. I’m sure that’s why they would push such an inaccurate representation without providing any actual facts, like there were less people to do the same job. And the new private snow removers wouldn’t show up.

    Chris Hooten (2b9678)

  63. This is hilarious, because Hooten if he was actually paying attention would know that the question is not how many people, but whether or not there were enough to man the trucks.

    But then, Hooten shows his usual incompetence by decrying Fox News … when the stories are from the NY Post.

    Once again, its clear that Hooten has not even bothered to read his own links – for the upteenth time.

    SPQR (26be8b)

  64. Hooten = Moron Who Supports Friend and Partner of Domestic Terrorist.

    Patterico (c218bd)

  65. Really, you are seriously going to go with that? You honestly think that makes you look good, pulling stunts like that? If that’s what you want to be known as, Patterico, someone who lies and distorts things about people, and is also friends with someone else who is famous for the same thing, lying and distorting things about people: Breitbart. What a bunch of frivolous malarkey to put into one statement that is purportedly about me. And it’s not even in the right form. It should be like this:
    Patterico = Person Absent The Total Education Required In Collecting Crappy Outhouses.

    See How that works? You use the persons name cleverly, rather than a stupid and inaccurate specious statement.

    Chris Hooten (2b9678)

  66. Or…

    Frye = Foolish Republican Yahoo Elector

    Chris Hooten (2b9678)

  67. Chris – give it a rest – I’m embarrased for you

    EricPWJohnson (e83e82)

  68. Embarassed?

    Johnson = Jerkishly Obnoxious Hopelessly Narcissistic Spewer Of Nonsense

    Mine are far more clever than Patrick’s untruthful poopoo-in-a-box statement.

    Chris Hooten (2b9678)

  69. There’s nothing clever about Patterico’s comment about you. It’s no more clever than saying the sky is blue, and no less true.

    Dustin (b54cdc)

  70. Chris,

    You’re angry – give it a rest

    EricPWJohnson (e83e82)

  71. Dustin, WTF is wrong with you? I don’t like terrorists or support them. What is wrong with all of you for using such ridiculously inaccurate rhetoric?

    Chris Hooten (2b9678)

  72. Angry?

    EricPW = Extremely Repetitive Ignorant Communications Producing Wonk

    Oh, oops, I meant:

    EricPW = Educated Radically Intellectual Citizen Producing Wisdom

    Chris Hooten (2b9678)


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